Medical disclaimer

This is educational material, not medical advice

Medicophilia publishes revision material for healthcare professionals and students preparing for postgraduate medical examinations. Nothing on this site is medical advice, and none of it is intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any condition in any individual.

Never use this site to make a decision about a real patient. Clinical decisions must be based on your own assessment, your local guidelines and protocols, current primary literature, and the advice of appropriately qualified senior colleagues.

Content may be wrong or out of date

Medicine changes. Guidelines are revised, drugs are withdrawn, and thresholds move. We work to keep material current and correct, but we make no warranty that any part of it is accurate, complete or current at the moment you read it.

Reference ranges, doses and thresholds given here are illustrative and follow common conventions. They vary between laboratories, institutions and countries. Always use your own local values.

If you spot an error, please tell us at hello@medicophilia.com. We would rather hear about it than not.

Questions are practice, not prediction

Practice questions on this site are exam-style revision material. They are not past papers, they are not endorsed by or affiliated with any examining body, and performance here does not predict performance in a real examination.

Medicophilia is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or connected to the Medical Council of Canada, the Royal Colleges of Physicians, the General Medical Council, the NBME, or any other examining or regulatory authority. All examination names and trademarks belong to their respective owners and are used for identification only.

No professional relationship

Using this site does not create a doctor–patient relationship or any other professional relationship between you and Medicophilia or its contributors.

Limitation of liability

To the fullest extent permitted by law, Medicophilia and its contributors accept no liability for any loss or damage arising from reliance on anything published here. You use this site at your own risk.

If you are a patient

This site is written for clinicians and is not suitable as a source of health information for the public. If you are worried about your own health, contact your doctor. If it is urgent, contact your local emergency service.